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Articles & Guides

Practical guides on capitalization, headline style, and naming conventions.

Text Capitalization

Which letters to capitalise, when, and why the style guides disagree.

Start here · complete guideThe Complete Guide to Text CapitalizationEverything about capitalising text in one place: the five styles, what the major style guides say, the rules that never change, and how to pick one and stay consistent.
Title Case vs Sentence Case: Which Should You Use?Title case looks authoritative. Sentence case reads faster. Here is how to decide which one your headings should use — and the rules for getting each one right.How to Fix Text You Accidentally Typed in All CapsYou wrote three paragraphs before noticing caps lock was on. Do not retype them — here are four ways to fix it in a couple of seconds.Title Capitalization: AP vs Chicago vs APAFour style guides, four sets of rules, and one question: does "over" get a capital? Here is what each guide actually says and how to stop arguing about it.

Counting and Measuring Text

Word counts, character limits, reading time, and readability scores.

Start here · complete guideThe Complete Guide to Counting and Measuring TextFive different ways to measure text, what each is for, and the reference numbers worth memorising — from tweet limits to essay lengths to speaking pace.
How Many Words Is a 5 Minute Speech?A 5 minute speech runs to roughly 650 words. Here is the full table for every common talk length, why the number is lower than people expect, and how to time yours properly.How Many Pages Is 1,000 Words?1,000 words is roughly 2 pages double spaced or 4 single spaced — but font, margins, and spacing move that number a lot. Here is the full table and what actually changes it.Character Limits for Every Social PlatformEvery platform has two limits: the hard cap, and the much shorter point where your text gets cut off with a "more" link. The second one is the one that matters.Readability Scores Explained (and Their Limits)Readability formulas measure two things: sentence length and syllable count. That makes them genuinely useful and easy to game. Here is how to read the score honestly.

Naming Conventions

camelCase, snake_case, slugs, and the rules for naming things consistently.

Start here · complete guideThe Complete Guide to Naming ConventionsFive conventions, and the rules for which to reach for. Most of the choice is made by your language — the rest by what kind of thing you are naming.
camelCase, snake_case, kebab-case: A Naming GuideFive naming conventions, and the rules for which one to reach for. Most of the choice is decided by your language — the rest is decided by what the name is.How to Write URL Slugs That RankURLs are a small ranking factor but a large usability one. Here are the rules worth following, and the one mistake that genuinely costs you traffic.

Encoding and Data Formats

Base64, JSON, hashing, and regular expressions.

Encoding vs Encryption vs HashingBase64 is not encryption. Hashing is not encryption. Confusing these three is behind a surprising number of real security incidents — here is the distinction.10 Common JSON Errors and How to Fix ThemAlmost every JSON parse failure comes down to one of ten mistakes. Here they are, with the reason each is invalid and the fix.Regex Cheat Sheet for BeginnersEverything you need to read and write ordinary regular expressions, in one page — plus the greedy matching trap that catches everybody.Strong Passwords: Length Beats ComplexityP@ssw0rd! is not a strong password. A 20-character random string of only lowercase letters is. Here is the maths behind why, and what actually matters.

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How Many Pages Is 1,000 Words?

·5 min read

1,000 words is roughly 2 pages double spaced or 4 single spaced — but font, margins, and spacing move that number a lot. Here is the full table and what actually changes it.

Read the guide →